Pharmacology Online Test:1

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Pharmacology Online Test:1

January 18, 2017

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Pharmacology Online Test 1.

Pharmacology

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Rate of Drying Curve.

Definition Drying is defined as the removal of liquid from a product usually with application of heat. Rate of Drying Curve. Drying process can be divided into three periods Initial Adjustment Period. Constant drying rate period. First falling drying rate period. Second falling rate period. Initial Adjustment Period (A-B): Also called the “ Heating up” period . In this period the substance gets heat and increases in temperature. Drying has not yet started. Constant drying rate period (B-C): During this period the temperature of the solid and the rate of drying remain constant. The moisture evaporating from the surface is replaced by water diffusing from the interior of the solid at a rate equal t o the rate of evaporation. The moisture content at the end of constant rate (point C) is referred to as the critical moisture content (CMC). At CMC, dry spots start appearing and drying rate starts falling . First falling drying rate period (C-D): This period is also called the period of

Heat Exchangers and Heat Interchangers.

In pharmaceutical industries many types of equipments are used for transfer of heat, they can be classified as follows, Heat Exchangers. Heat Interchangers. Heat Exchangers: These devices are used for transferring heat from a fluid (Hot Gas or Steam) to another fluid (Liquid) through a metal wall. Heat Interchangers: These devices are used for transferring heat from a One liquid to another liquid or one gas to another gas through a metal wall. HEAT EXCHANGERS; The equipment used for heat transferring are known as heat exchangers. Some of the processes that involves heat transfer in pharmaceutical industries are: Preparation of starch paste (in steam jacketed kettle). Crystallization. Evaporation. Distillation. Classification of heat exchangers On the basis of transfer of heat, heat exchangers are classified as: Direct transfer type: The hot and cold fluids are separated by a metal wall through which the heat is transferred from hot fluid to cold fluid. E.g. shell and tube heater,

Flash Distillation.

Principle: When a hot mixture is allowed to enter from a high-pressure zone into a low pressure zone, the entire liquid mixture is suddenly vaporized. This process is known as flash vaporization . During this process, the chamber is cooled. The less volatile fraction is condensed and the more volatile component remains in the vapor phase . This process requires time, hence liquid and vapor are kept in intimate contact until equilibrium is achieved. Flash distillation is also called equilibrium distillation because separation of two liquids takes place when liquid and vapor phases are at equilibrium. Equipment used for Flash Distillation: Construction: It consists of a pump, which is connected to a feed reservoir. Pumps help in pumping the feed into the heating chamber. The heating chamber is heat supplied by steam. The other end of the pipe is directly introduced into the vapor-liquid separator through a reducing valve. The vapor outlet is provided at the top of the separato

Structure and Functions of Cell.

Cellular level of organization: Structure and Functions of Cell. Introduction: Cell is defined as a basic structural and functional unit of the body . Cytology is a branch of science that deals with the study of cells. The animal cell is divided into two major parts as, Plasma Membrane. Subcellular organelles. Nucleus. Nucleolus Mitochondria. Golgi complex. Ribosomes. Endoplasmic reticulum. Lysosomes. Centrioles. Subcellular organelles: Cells contain many minute structures in it which perform their own functions in the cell. The cell hence can be viewed as an industrial unit where smaller departments work together to produce goods. The important cell organelles are as follows, Cytoplasm Nucleus. Nucleolus Mitochondria. Golgi complex. Ribosomes. Endoplasmic reticulum. Lysosomes. Centrioles. Cytoplasm: It is a gel like substance which is enclosed by the plasma membrane and external to the nucleus of the cell. The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm in which the cell organelles

Sources of Contamination & its prevention in an Aseptic Area.

Sources of Contamination & its prevention in an Aseptic Area. Introduction: An aseptic area is a premise in a clean area, designed, constructed, serviced and used with an intention to prevent the microbial contamination of the product . It is important to identify the sources from which the contaminants can enter the aseptic area in order to avoid the contamination of products under operation. The important sources of contamination in an aseptic area are as follows. Personnel Buildings and Facilities Equipment and Utensils Raw Materials Manufacturing Process A HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) System. 1) Personnel: The personnel working in aseptic area can be a potential source of microbial contamination, due to the following reasons: Inadequate training, Direct contact between the hands and materials. Improper hygiene, Unauthorised personnel entering the facility , (This is why educational visits are denied in sterile areas). Insufficient gowning and

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