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Renin Angiotensin Mechanism.

Various Body Fluids and Introduction to Blood.

  Various Body Fluids and Introduction to Blood.

Various Body Fluids:

  • Human body contains two types of body fluids;

    • Intra cellular fluid 

    • Extracellular fluid

  • Intra Cellular Fluid:

    • The fluid of each cell contains its individual mixture of different constituents, but the concentrations of these substances are similar from one cell to another.

    • The intracellular fluid contains large amounts of potassium and phosphate ions and proteins. 

    • It contains moderate quantities of magnesium and sulphate ions.

    • The intracellular fluid contains only small quantities of sodium and chloride ions and almost no calcium ions.

  • Extracellular fluid (ECF):

    • The extracellular fluid contains large amounts of sodium and chloride ions, reasonably large amounts of bicarbonate ions 

    • Small quantities of potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate and organic acid ions are present.

    • The composition of extracellular fluid is carefully regulated by various mechanisms but especially by the kidneys. This allows the cells to remain continually bathed in a fluid that contains the proper concentration of electrolytes and nutrients for proper cell function.

  • Examples of ecf includes,

    • Interstitial fluid (= tissue fluid): Present between the tissues.

    • Blood Plasma: Present in Blood.

    • Lymph Plasma: It is present in the lymph.

    • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): It is present inside the brain and spinal cord.

    • Intraocular Fluid: Present inside the eyeball.

    • Serous Fluid: Present in serous membranes e.g. Intra pleural fluid, pericardial fluid and peritoneal fluid.

    • Synovial Fluid: It is present in the synovial joints.

    • Digestive Fluid: Digestive juices in GIT.

Blood:

  • Blood is a liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix.

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD:

  1. Transportation:

  • Blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body and carries carbon dioxide from the body cells to the lungs for exhalation. 

  • It carries nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to body cells and hormones from endocrine glands to cells throughout the body. 

  • Blood also transports heat and waste products to the lungs, kidneys, and skin for elimination from the body.

  1. Regulation: 

  • Circulating blood helps maintain homeostasis in all body fluids.

  • Blood plays a role in the regulation of pH through buffers. 

  • It also assists in the adjustment of body temperature.

  1. Protection:

  • Blood can clot, which protects against its excessive loss after an injury. 

  • In addition, white blood cells protect against disease by carrying on phagocytosis.

  • Several types of blood proteins, including antibodies, interferons, etc. help protect against diseases.

Physical Characteristics Of Blood:

  1. Blood is thicker than water.

  2. The temperature of blood is about 38℃ (100.4℉), which is slightly higher than normal body temperature. 

  3. It has a slightly alkaline pH 7.4. 

  4. The color of blood varies. 

  5. When saturated with oxygen it is bright red; when unsaturated with oxygen, the blood is dark red to purple.

  6.  Blood constitutes about 8 percent of the total body weight. 

  7. The blood volume is 5–6 liters in an average-sized adult male and 4–5 liters (1.2 gal) in an average-sized adult female.

Components Of Blood:

  • Blood is composed of two portions;

    • Plasma: 55%, A liquid component that contains dissolved substances.

    • Cell Components: 45%, Blood cells.

Commonly Asked Questions.

  1. What is Blood? Explain functions of Blood.

  2. Write characteristics of the Blood.

  3. Write a note on different body fluids.
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