Skip to main content

Renin Angiotensin Mechanism.

Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus.

 

Definition:

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder related to carbohydrate metabolism caused due to deficient secretion or utilization of insulin and is characterized by many symptoms collectively called Syndrome X.

  • The pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon. Both hormones work in balance to play a vital role in regulating blood sugar levels. If the level of one hormone is higher or lower than the ideal range, blood sugar levels may spike or drop.

Hormonal regulation of blood glucose levels:

  • When semi digested chyme enters the duodenum the first part of the small intestine “S Cells” of the small intestine gets activated due to presence of the glucose in the chyme and secretes “Secretin” which influences the secretions of the pancreas..

  • The rising glucose levels in small intestine stimulates “K Cells” to secrete a glucose dependent polypeptide which activates secretion of Insulin from pancreas.

  • The secreted insulin then activates the enzyme glycogen synthase which proceeds to form Glycogen, the polymer of glucose -------> Blood Glucose level falls.

  • Insulin is also needed for the entry of glucose molecules inside the cell (Except Brain); the decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors on cells towards insulin leads to hyperinsulinemia (Increased blood insulin levels).

  • Once blood glucose levels start following the Alpha cells of islets of Langerhans of Pancreas start secreting the “Glucagon” which has inhibitory effect on glycogenesis and also causes breakdown of the Glycogen (Glycogenolysis) stored in liver hence increasing the blood sugar levels.

  • Delta cells of islets of Langerhans of Pancreas secrete “Somatostatin” which is a local hormone and controls secretion of other hormones of Pancreas.

  • Together, insulin and glucagon help maintain a state called homeostasis in which conditions inside the body remain steady. When blood sugar is too high, the pancreas secretes more insulin. When blood sugar levels drop, the pancreas releases glucagon to raise them.

Normal Blood Sugar Levels:

  • Fasting blood sugar levels: 80 to 130 mg/dl

  • Post prandial blood sugar levels: 

    • A normal blood sugar is lower than 140 mg/dl. 

    • A blood sugar between 140 and 199 mg/dl is considered to be prediabetes, and a blood sugar of 200 mg/dl or higher can indicate diabetes.

Complications of Diabetes mellitus:

  • The symptoms of high blood sugar include:

    • Frequent urination.

    • Excessive thirst (Polydipsia)

    • Feeling excessively hungry.

    • unexplained weight loss

    • slow healing

    • itchy, dry skin

    • increased likelihood of infections

    • headaches

    • fatigue or difficulty concentrating

    • blurred vision

    • erectile dysfunction

  • The symptoms of low blood sugar include:

    • dizziness

    • rapid heartbeat

    • weakness

    • tingling, particularly in the tongue, lips, arms, or legs

    • hunger alongside nausea

    • fainting

    • confusion and difficulty concentrating

    • Irritability.

Commonly Asked Questions,

  1. What is Diabetes mellitus? Discuss causes and symptoms.

  2. Write a short note on Hormonal regulation of blood glucose levels.
Labels:

Popular posts from this blog

Heat Exchangers and Heat Interchangers.

  In pharmaceutical industries many types of equipments are used for transfer of heat, they can be classified as follows, Heat Exchangers. Heat Interchangers. Heat Exchangers: These devices are used for transferring heat from a fluid (Hot Gas or Steam) to another fluid (Liquid) through a metal wall. Heat Interchangers: These devices are used for transferring heat from a One liquid to another liquid or one gas to another gas through a metal wall. HEAT EXCHANGERS; The equipment used for heat transferring are known as heat exchangers. Some of the processes that involves heat transfer in pharmaceutical industries are: Preparation of starch paste (in steam jacketed kettle). Crystallization. Evaporation. Distillation.  Classification of heat exchangers On the basis of transfer of heat, heat exchangers are classified as: Direct transfer type:  The hot and cold fluids are separated by a metal wall through which the heat is transferred from hot fluid to cold fluid. E.g. shell and ...
Read more

Glycogenesis.

  Definition: Biosynthesis of Glycogen from Glucose is called Glycogenesis. Glycogen is synthesized  Depending on the demand for glucose and ATP (energy), insulin promotes the glucose conversion into glycogen. Glycogen is the major storage form of carbohydrate in animals similar to starch in plants. It is a homopolymer made up of repeated units of α- D glucose and each molecule is linked to another by 1→4 glycosidic bonds . Once there is a chain consisting of 8 to 10 glycosidic residues in the glycogen fragment, branching begins by 1→6 linkages . Glycogen is stored in liver and skeletal muscles. Location: Cytoplasm of cells in the muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. Steps Involved in Glycogenesis: Glucose is converted into glucose-6-phosphate by the action of glucokinase or hexokinase  with conversion of ATP to ADP. Glucose-6-phosphate is converted into glucose-1-phosphate by the action of phosphoglucomutase. Glucose-1-phosphate is converted into UDP-glucose by the actio...
Read more

Rate of Drying Curve.

  Definition Drying is defined as the removal of liquid from a product usually with application of heat. Rate of Drying Curve. Drying process can be divided into three periods Initial Adjustment Period. Constant drying rate period. First falling drying rate period. Second falling rate period. Initial Adjustment Period (A-B): Also called the “ Heating up” period . In this period the substance gets heat and increases in temperature. Drying has not yet started. Constant drying rate period (B-C): During this period the temperature of the solid and the rate of drying remain constant. The moisture evaporating from the surface is replaced by water diffusing from the interior of the solid at a rate equal t o the rate of evaporation.  The moisture content at the end of constant rate (point C) is referred to as the critical moisture content (CMC).  At CMC, dry spots start appearing and drying rate starts falling . First falling drying rate period (C-D): This period is also called ...
Read more